Just spent what seemed like an eternity trying to get CRON working on a V12 vagrant box.
Turns out the vagrant box image has php 8.0 & 8.1 installed on it, and the CLI (i.e. CRON) will use 8.1 by default - and that crashes cron.php if you run it from the terminal. As sugar is running with 8.0
So the solution is to setup cromtab with 8.0 forced i.e. "php8.0 -f cron.php" - the rest of the line is the same